What is a Reverse Stock Split ?
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Many companies attempt to list their securities on one of the major stock exchanges, like the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), in order to provide greater liquidity to shareholders. In order to earn and maintain exchange listing, however, the corporation must meet several criteria, including a minimum number of round lot holders (shareholders owning more than 100 shares), total shareholders, net income, public shares outstanding, and price per share.
In times of market or economic turmoil, individual businesses or entire sectors may suffer a catastrophic decline in the per share stock price. The aftermath of the Internet bubble is the perfect example; many stocks fell by 90 percent or more.
If the market price falls far enough, the company risks being delisted from the exchange; a terrible tragedy for existing stockholders. At the New York Stock Exchange, for example, this is triggered after an issue trades at below $1 per share for 30 consecutive days.
In order to avoid this fate, the Board of Directors may declare a reverse stock split. The move has no real economic consequences.
Here’s an illustration:
Assume you own 1000 shares of Delta Airlines (DALRQ), each trading at $70 per share like they actually did 7 years ago (see chart below). The company hits an unprecedented rough patch. It loses passengers, suffers a labor dispute with workers, and experiences an increase in fuel costs due to increasing oil prices, eroding profits. The result is a dramatic shrinkage in the stock price – all the way down to $0.62 per share. The price DALRQ actually had on Dec. 13, 2005.
Short-term prospects don’t look good. Management knows it has to do something to avoid delisting, so it asks the Board of Directors to declare a 10 for 1 reverse stock split. The Board agrees and the total number of shares outstanding is reduced by 90 percent. You wake up one day, log into your brokerage account, and now see that instead of owning 1,000 shares at $0.62 each, you now own 100 shares at $6,20 each.
Economically, you are in the same position as you were prior to the reverse stock split, but the company has now bought itself time.
Ricky Schmidt
Dec. 14, 2005
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